Jun 23, · This research paper has revealed that schizophrenia is so serious a mental disorder that if not well handled, can completely disrupt the life of a victim. The absence of absolute knowledge about what exactly causes it as well as its specific treatment only makes it a more complicated blogger.comted Reading Time: 10 mins White patients with schizophrenia and matched healthy respondents reported both their personal beliefs and the predicted beliefs of other people toward Black (study 1) and Gypsy individuals (study 2). Results showed that respondents in the clinical sample displayed less stereotype endorsement as compared to the matched healthy respondents Nov 19, · According to Mayo Clinic “Schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior. Contrary to popular belief, schizophrenia is not a split personality or multiple personality
Schizophrenia Research Paper -Research Paper Examples- iResearchNet
This sample schizophrenia research paper features: words approx. Browse other research paper examples for more inspiration. If you need a thorough research paper written according to all the academic standards, you can always turn to our experienced writers for help.
This is how your paper can get an A! Feel free to contact our writing service for professional assistance. We offer high-quality assignments for reasonable rates. Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, emotion, and behavior. This research paper discusses the symptoms, etiology, treatment, paper on schizophrenia, and other pertinent issues concerning this mental illness.
In the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IVit is described as an illness that is characterized by psychotic symptoms and significant interpersonal or occupational dysfunction that persist for a period of at least 6 months. This includes paper on schizophrenia that have no basis in reality and that are not susceptible to corrective feedback delusionsand sensory perceptions that have no identifiable external source hallucinations.
In addition to hallucinations and delusions, the DSM lists three other key symptoms of schizophrenia: disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms. Delusions are the primary example of abnormal thought content in schizophrenia. Delusional beliefs conflict with reality and are tenaciously held, despite evidence to the contrary. There are several types of delusions. Delusions of control is the belief that one is being manipulated by an external force, often a powerful individual or organization e.
In contrast, some patients express the conviction that they are victims of persecution or an organized plot, and these beliefs are referred to as delusions of persecution.
Hallucinations are among the most subjectively distressing symptoms paper on schizophrenia by schizophrenia patients. These perceptual distortions vary among patients and can be auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, or tactile. The majority of hallucinations are auditory in nature and typically involve voices. The second most common form of hallucination is visual.
Visual hallucinations often entail the perception of distortions in the physical environment, especially in the faces and bodies of other people. Other perceptual distortions that are commonly reported by schizophrenia patients include feeling as if parts of the body are distorted in size or shape, feeling as if an object is closer or farther away than it actually is, feeling numbness, tingling, or burning, being paper on schizophrenia to sensory stimuli, and perceiving objects as flat and colorless.
In addition to these distinctive perceptual abnormalities, persons suffering from schizophrenia often report difficulties in focusing their attention or sustaining concentration on a task. It is important to note that in order for an unsubstantiated belief or sensory experience to quality as a delusion or hallucination, the individual must experience it within a paper on schizophrenia sensorium e.
Thus, for example, if a patient reports hearing something that sounds like voices when alone, but adds that he or she is certain that this is a misinterpretation of a sound, such as the wind blowing leaves, this would not constitute an auditory hallucination.
Thus the term thought disorder is frequently used by researchers and practitioners to refer to the disorganized speech that often occurs in schizophrenia. Problems in the form of speech are reflected in abnormalities in the organization and coherent expression of ideas to others. One common abnormality of form, incoherent speech, is characterized by seemingly unrelated images or fragments of thoughts that are incomprehensible to the listener. The term loose association refers to the tendency to abruptly shift to a topic that has no apparent association with the previous topic.
In general, paper on schizophrenia, the overall content of loosely associated speech may be easier to comprehend than incoherent speech. In perseverative speech, words, ideas, or both are continuously repeated, as if the patient is unable to shift to another idea. Clang association is the utterance of rhyming words that follow each other e.
Patients choose words for their similarity in sound rather than their syntax, often producing a string of rhyming words. The overt behavioral symptoms of schizophrenia fall in two general areas: motor functions and interpersonal behavior.
Motor abnormalities, including mannerisms, paper on schizophrenia, stereotyped movements, and unusual posture, are common among schizophrenia patients. Other common signs include bizarre facial expressions, such as repeated grimacing or staring, and repeated peculiar gestures that often involve complex behavioral sequences.
As with other symptoms of the psychosis, paper on schizophrenia, the manifestation of motor abnormalities varies among individuals. Schizophrenia patients sometimes mimic the behavior of others, known as echopraxia, or repeat their own movements, known paper on schizophrenia stereotyped behaviors. Although a subgroup of patients demonstrate heightened levels of activity, including motoric excitement e.
At the latter extreme, paper on schizophrenia, some exhibit catatonic immobility and assume unusual postures that are maintained for extended periods of time. Some may also demonstrate waxy flexibility, a condition in which patients do not resist being placed into strange positions that they then maintain, paper on schizophrenia. Catatonia has decreased dramatically in recent decades, so that it is now rare.
Several researchers have attributed this decline to the introduction of antipsychotic medication described later. In the domain of interpersonal interactions, schizophrenia patients frequently demonstrate behaviors that are perceived as bizarre or inappropriate by others.
For example, it is not uncommon for patients to use socially unacceptable language and unusual tones of voice, or to show overly dependent or intrusive behavior. Another common symptom, inappropriate affect, involves unusual emotional reactions to events and experiences. For example, patients may laugh at a sad or somber occasion, or be enraged by insignificant events.
Finally, many patients manifest increasingly poor hygiene as their illness progresses. Their appearance may also be marked by disheveled clothing or inappropriate clothing, such as gloves and coats in the summer.
The symptoms of schizophrenia can be classified into the general categories of positive and negative. Positive symptoms involve behavioral excesses and most of the symptoms described earlier fall paper on schizophrenia to this category e.
In contrast, negative symptoms involve behavioral paper on schizophrenia. Examples include fiat affect blunted expressions of emotionapathy, and social withdrawal, paper on schizophrenia. In the domain of verbal expression, schizophrenia patients who manifest a very low rate of verbal output are described as showing poverty of speech. Patients whose speech is normal in paper on schizophrenia, but lacks meaning, paper on schizophrenia, suffer from poverty of content.
Recently, some researchers have suggested that positive and negative symptoms may be caused by different neural mechanisms. It is important to mention that a reduction in overt displays of emotion does not necessarily imply that patients have less intense subjective emotional experiences than the average person.
In fact, recent findings indicate that blunted emotional paper on schizophrenia can coexist with intense subjective feelings of emotion. According to DSM-IV, patients must show two or more of the preceding five symptoms to meet the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia.
Thus, no one of these symptoms is required for the diagnosis. Furthermore, the following four criteria paper on schizophrenia also be met: 1 the paper on schizophrenia shows marked deterioration in occupational, interpersonal, paper on schizophrenia, or domestic functioning; 2 the patient manifests continuous signs of symptoms or dysfunction for at least 6 paper on schizophrenia 3 the patient does not manifest predominant signs of mood disturbance e.
Because the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia are relatively broad, with no one essential symptom, paper on schizophrenia, there is a great deal of variability among patients in their symptom profiles. It has therefore been proposed that schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder with multiple causes.
It is also the case, however, that patients must show a marked and persistent impairment to meet the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia. Thus, those who meet criteria for the diagnosis are significantly impaired in everyday functioning. For many individuals who are diagnosed with schizophrenia, independent functioning is never achieved. The DSM lists five subtypes of schizophrenia. Disorganized schizophrenia is distinguished by extremely incoherent speech and behavior, as well as blunted or inappropriate affect.
In catatonic schizophrenia, the clinical picture is dominated by abnormalities in movement and posture, such as those described earlier. Patients classified as having undifferentiated paper on schizophrenia do not meet criteria for any of the previous subtypes. Finally, the diagnosis of residual schizophrenia is applied to patients who have had at least one episode of schizophrenia and who continue to show functional impairment, but who do not currently manifest any positive symptoms, paper on schizophrenia.
During the late s and early s, Emil Kraepelin and Eugen Bleuler provided the first conceptualizations of schizophrenia. Kraepelin included negativism, hallucinations, paper on schizophrenia, delusions, stereotyped behaviors, attentional difficulties, and emotional dysfunction as major symptoms of the disorder. In contrast to Kraepelin, Eugen Bleuler, a Swiss psychiatrist, proposed a broader view of dementia praecox, with a more theoretical emphasis, paper on schizophrenia.
Paper on schizophrenia believed this abnormality accounted for the problems of thought, emotional expression, paper on schizophrenia, decision making, and social interaction associated with schizophrenia. In the paper on schizophrenia to mids, American psychiatrists continued to use a broad definition of schizophrenia.
The distinction between process and reactive schizophrenia was considered important, however, because it was assumed to distinguish between cases characterized by gradual deterioration process and cases that were precipitated by acute stress reactive. During this time, some clinicians and researchers viewed the specific diagnostic criteria for the major mental illnesses schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression as artificial and discretionary, and used instead flexible and inconsistent standards for diagnoses.
Studies that compared the rates of disorder across nations revealed that schizophrenia was diagnosed at a much higher rate in the United States than in Great Britain and some other countries. This national difference resulted from the use of paper on schizophrenia criteria for diagnosing schizophrenia in the United States. Many patients who were diagnosed as having depression or bipolar disorder in Britain were diagnosed with schizophrenia in the United States.
Paper on schizophrenia subsequent revisions in the DSM have included more restrictive criteria for schizophrenia, U. diagnostic rates are now comparable with other countries.
In addition to a more restrictive definition of schizophrenia, subsequent editions of the DSM have included additional diagnostic categories that contain similar symptoms. The diagnostic category of schizophreniform disorder was also added. This diagnosis is given when the patient shows the typical symptoms of schizophrenia, but does not meet the criterion of 6 months of continuous illness.
Although there is evidence of cross-national differences in the rate of schizophrenia, the differences are not large i. It is, in fact, striking that the rate of occurrence is so consistent across cultures. The modal age at onset of schizophrenia is in early adulthood, usually before 25 years of age. Thus most paper on schizophrenia have not had the paper on schizophrenia to marry or establish a stable work history before the onset of the illness. As a result of this, and the often chronic nature of the illness, many patients never attain financial independence.
It is relatively rare for preadolescent children to receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Similarly, it is rare for individuals beyond the age of 40 to experience a first episode of the illness.
Although it has traditionally been assumed that there is no sex difference in the rates of schizophrenia, some recent research findings indicate that a somewhat larger proportion of males than females meet the DSM-IV criteria for the disorder.
Nonetheless, the overall rates do not differ dramatically for men and women. It is well established, paper on schizophrenia, however, that women are more likely to have a later onset of illness, as well as a better prognosis.
Women also show a higher level of interpersonal and occupational functioning during the period prior to illness onset. The reasons for this sex difference are not known, but it has been proposed by several theorists that the female sex hormone, estrogen, paper on schizophrenia, may function in attenuating the severity of the illness. Compared with the general population averages, schizophrenia patients tend paper on schizophrenia have significantly lower incomes and educational levels.
Schizophrenia Research Paper
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Nov 19, · According to Mayo Clinic “Schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior. Contrary to popular belief, schizophrenia is not a split personality or multiple personality Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by some, but not necessarily all, of the following features: emotional blunting, intellectual deterioration, social isolation, disorganized speech, behavior delusions, and blogger.com Size: KB Schizophrenia is a well known emotional and mental disorder that causes hallucinations, paranoid and delusional behaviour. In contrary to many other diseases, schizophrenia is mostly affected and caused by external environment. People that are suffering from this disorder usually cannot differentiate their imaginative world from the real one
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